Healthy Lifestyle Linked to Cancer Prevention
Many potential cancers could be prevented by exercising, eating right, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking, according to The President's Cancer Panel.
The federal government issues a report every year that focuses on one aspect of what is happening in the US in terms of cancer.
This year's effort centers on lifestyle changes, and two issues that are actually quite different," says panel member Margaret L. Kripke, Ph.D., of MD Anderson Cancer Center.
One issue is nutrition, exercise, and the fight against obesity, and the other is the battle to cut tobacco use, says Dr. Kripke.
"We tried to think of what would have the biggest impact on reducing cancer mortality," she says. "If you consider that 15 to 20 percent of cancer deaths are related to obesity and another 30 percent of cancer deaths are due to tobacco use, that's 50 percent of all people with cancer."
And quitting smoking and avoiding obesity are things that people can do themselves, notes Dr. Kripke. But, as she and other experts know, it is not easy to get people to make the lifestyle changes they should.
"The most serious lack, in terms of what we know, is what motivates people to live a healthier lifestyle," she says.
The experts call for a move toward a "culture of wellness" in the US. This culture would embrace healthy living as a goal and promote a healthy lifestyle as a way of achieving wellness.
Despite progress in diagnosis and treatment, cancer continues to account for more than a half million deaths each year in the US, with almost 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually.
Two-thirds of these deaths, and many thousands of new cases, could be avoided through lifestyle changes, according to the report.
Tobacco is the leading cause of lung cancer, but it is also responsible for most cancers of the larynx, oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, and bladder. In addition, it is a cause of kidney, pancreatic, cervical, and stomach cancers, along with acute myeloid leukemia.
"We really need to get rid of tobacco," says Dr. Kripke.
Obesity has been linked to a variety of cancers, including colon, breast, kidney, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer.
"There are very definitive studies showing that moderate exercise reduces your risk of breast cancer and colon cancer," says Dr. Kripke.
In addition, living a healthy lifestyle lowers a person's risk of cancer recurrence and improves outcomes after cancer.
The causes of the obesity epidemic in the US are complex. The epidemic started in the 1970s about the time that food makers started using high fructose corn syrup as an additive. In addition, portion sizes in restaurants increased as schools cut back on exercise programs.
One recommendation the panel made in the report is to have subsidies for corn farmers curtailed.
"There doesn't seem to be coordination between agricultural subsidies and public health policy for diet and nutrition," explains Dr. Kripke.
"Subsidies for corn make corn syrup very cheap and it's not nutritionally what you want in all of your foods," she says. "It might make more sense to make agricultural subsidies for fruits and vegetables that would be more healthy for the population."
Although the White House does not usually comment on the report, Dr. Kripke hopes that it will spur government officials to develop programs that help people make necessary lifestyle changes.
One expert agrees that societal changes are to blame for ever-heavier Americans.
"Obesity has been brought about by changes in our environment, not by any increase in the number of susceptible people," says Dr. Eugenia Calle, director of analytic epidemiology at the American Cancer Society.
Dr. Calle argues that while once fats and sugars were relatively expensive, they are now cheap.
"It used to be impossible to buy a great deal of calories for $2.99, and now it is possible to buy one day's allotment of calories for less than $10," she says. "So now calorie-dense foods are cheap."
In contrast, fruits and vegetables are more expensive than they used to be, notes Dr. Calle.
"So, it becomes economically more difficult to make good food choices, especially if you don't have a lot of income," she says. In addition, people have become more sedentary.
"The best idea in the report is implementing a culture of wellness in the US, so that the social and cultural norm is one of health," says Dr. Calle.
Always consult your physician for more information.
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One source for sound nutrition advice on cancer prevention and diet is the American Dietetic Association (ADA).
As a reference for meal planning, the ADA recommends the Food Guide Pyramid and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Both of these support the "total diet approach" to eating. This means long-term eating habits are more important than what you eat at a single meal. In their words, "there are no good or bad foods, only good or bad diets or eating styles."
The food guide pyramid is a guideline to help you eat a healthy diet. The food guide pyramid can help you eat a variety of foods while encouraging the right amount of calories and fat. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the US Department of Health and Human Services have prepared the following food pyramid to guide you in selecting foods.
The Food Pyramid is divided into 6 colored bands representing the 5 food groups plus oils:
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Orange represents grains: Make half the grains consumed each day whole grains. Whole-grain foods include oatmeal, whole-wheat flour, whole cornmeal, brown rice, and whole-wheat bread. Check the food label on processed foods - the words “whole” or “whole grain” should be listed before the specific grain in the product.
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Green represents vegetables: Vary your vegetables. Choose a variety of vegetables, including dark green- and orange-colored kinds, legumes (peas and beans), starchy vegetables, and other vegetables.
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Red represents fruits: Focus on fruits. Any fruit or 100 percent fruit juice counts as part of the fruit group. Fruits may be fresh, canned, frozen, or dried, and may be whole, cut-up, or pureed.
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Yellow represents oils: Know the limits on fats, sugars, and salt (sodium). Make most of your fat sources from fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. Limit solid fats like butter, stick margarine, shortening, and lard, as well as foods that contain these.
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Blue represents milk: Get your calcium-rich foods. Milk and milk products contain calcium and vitamin D, both important ingredients in building and maintaining bone tissue. Use low-fat or fat-free milk after the age of two years. However, during the first year of life, infants should be fed breast milk or iron-fortified formula. Whole cow’s milk may be introduced after an infant’s first birthday, but lower-fat or skim milk should not be used until the child is at least two years old.
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Purple represents meat and beans: Go lean on protein. Choose low fat or lean meats and poultry. Vary your protein routine - choose more fish, nuts, seeds, peas, and beans.
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Activity is also represented on the pyramid by the steps and the person climbing them, as a reminder of the importance of daily physical activity.
To find more information about the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 (the most recent guidelines) and to determine the appropriate dietary recommendations for your age, sex, and physical activity level, visit the Online Resources page for the links to the Food Pyramid and 2005 Dietary Guidelines sites. Please note that the Food Pyramid is designed for persons over the age of two who do not have chronic health conditions.
Always consult your physician regarding your healthy diet and exercise requirements.
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